12.0 KB · ⇊ 9 parts · ⤓ Micron 12.0 KB · ⤓ HTML 49.6 KB

top

Ganoderma orbiforme – most commonly known as G. boninense or just Ganoderma in oil palm pathology – is a species of polypore fungus that is widespread across southeast Asia. It is a plant pathogen that causes basal stem rot, a disease of the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). The fungus was first described scientifically in 1838 by Elias Magnus Fries from collections made in Guinea.cite-ref-fries-1838-1-0[1] Leif Ryvarden transferred it to the genus Ganoderma in 2000.cite-ref-ryvarden-2000-2-0[2] In addition to its type locality, the fungus has also been collected from the Bonin Islands in the Pacific, and from Venezuela and Puerto Rico.cite-ref-ryvarden-2000-2-1[2]

• Transmission

• Infection

• Genetics

• Research

• References

• External links

G. orbiforme is not a soil borne pathogen, meaning it does not grow in soil and does not infiltrate from soil and into the root system.cite-ref-corley-tinker-2015-3-0[3] It is however also not killed by soil, and will reside in dead, buried palm trunk material.cite-ref-corley-tinker-2015-3-1[3] This has especially been observed when Oryctes rhinoceros-infested material was buried.cite-ref-corley-tinker-2015-3-2[3]

G. orbiforme has a hemibiotrophic lifestyle in E. guineensis.cite-ref-bahari-et-al-2018-4-0[4] During an invasion, E. guineensis roots stockpile salicylic acid, which is a signal to downregulate its own expression of ascorbate oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase.cite-ref-singh-et-al-2021-5-0[5] AO and AP are reactive oxygen species scavengers, and so the total effect is to increase ROS production.cite-ref-singh-et-al-2021-5-1[5] This entire pathway was found by Ho et al., 2016.cite-ref-singh-et-al-2021-5-2[5] Increased ROS is effective against hemibiotrophs but counterproductive against necrotrophs.cite-ref-singh-et-al-2021-5-3[5]

Microsatellite markers have been developed to help identify the fungus and study the genetic diversity of G. orbiforme.cite-ref-merci-re-2015-6-0[6]

Water agar is usable for isolation of this fungus, and is the simplest and cheapest.cite-ref-screening-7-0[7] CABI provides research and technique information for lab work with this pathogen.cite-ref-screening-7-1[7]

cite-note-fries-1838-11. ↑ citereffries-e-m-1838Fries, E.M. (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici (in Latin). Uppsala: Typ. Acad. p. 463.

cite-note-ryvarden-2000-22. ↑ citerefryvarden-leif2000Ryvarden, Leif (2000). "Studies in neotropical polypores 2: a preliminary key to neotropical species of Ganoderma with a laccate pileus". Mycologia. 92 (1): 180–191. doi:10.2307/3761462. JSTOR 3761462.

cite-note-corley-tinker-2015-33. ↑ citerefcorleytinker2015Corley, R. H. V.; Tinker, P. B. (2015-10-03). The Oil Palm. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781118953297. ISBN 978-1-118-95329-7. S2CID 132543108. S2CID 82631705.

cite-note-bahari-et-al-2018-44. ↑ citerefbaharisakehabdullahramli2018Bahari, Mohammad Nazri Abdul; Sakeh, Nurshafika Mohd; Abdullah, Siti Nor Akmar; Ramli, Redzyque Ramza; Kadkhodaei, Saied (2018). "Transciptome profiling at early infection of Elaeis guineensis by Ganoderma boninense provides novel insights on fungal transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase". BMC Plant Biology. 18 (1). Springer: 377. doi:10.1186/s12870-018-1594-9. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 6310985. PMID 30594134.

cite-note-singh-et-al-2021-55. ↑ citerefsinghnairverma2021Singh, Yeshveer; Nair, Athira Mohandas; Verma, Praveen Kumar (2021). "Surviving the odds: From perception to survival of fungal phytopathogens under host-generated oxidative burst". Plant Communications. 2 (3). Cell Press (Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences + Chinese Society for Plant Biology): 100142. doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100142. ISSN 2590-3462. PMC 8132124. PMID 34027389.

cite-note-merci-re-2015-66. ↑ citerefmerci-re-maximelaybats-anthonycarasco-lacombe-catherinetan-joon-sheong2015Mercière, Maxime; Laybats, Anthony; Carasco-Lacombe, Catherine; Tan, Joon Sheong; Klopp, Christophe; Durand-Gasselin, Tristan; Alwee, Sharifah Shahrul Rabiah Syed; Camus-Kulandaivelu, Létizia; Breton, Fréderic (2015). "Identification and development of new polymorphic microsatellite markers using genome assembly for Ganoderma boninense, causal agent of oil palm basal stem rot disease". Mycological Progress. 14 (11): 103. doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1123-2.

cite-note-screening-77. ↑ citerefrahmaningsihvirdianabahrianwar2018Rahmaningsih, Miranti; Virdiana, Ike; Bahri, Syamsul; Anwar, Yassier; Forster, Brian; Breton, Frederic (2018). Nursery Screening for Ganoderma Response in Oil Palm Seedlings: A Manual. Techniques in Plantation Science Series. Boston, Ma, US: CABI (CAB International) + Verdant Bioscience + CIRAD. pp. xi + 69. ISBN 978-1-78639624-2. LCCN 2018016841. LCCN 201802304 201-802304. ISBN 9781786396266. ISBN 9781786396259.

• "Ganoderma orbiforme". CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2020-11-12.

• "Ganoderma orbiforme". The Global Fungal Red List Initiative (IUCN). 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2020-11-12.